The legal construction of spirituality, ethical and sustainable tourism of Temples in Malang raya, Indonesia

Temples has become one of the main tourism destinations in which a lot of people look for spiritual fulfilment. However, there are many weaknessess on protection and management of temples in Malang Raya that do not consider spirituality, ethics and sustainable tourism aspects. The paper aims to construct integrated law regarding protection and management of temples in Malang Raya based on the principle of spirituality, ethics and sustainable tourism. This research is a socio-legal study integrating legal, economics, cultural studies. The research data was collected from library research and observation of 29 temples, followed by cross-examination analysis techniques to formulate the solution. The results identify challenges encountered in the protection and management of the temples in Malang, in terms of regulation, economics, market, attraction, accommodations, environment, and ethics. Hence, the integrated legal construction covering all sectors is a key to protection and management of temple tourism in Malang Raya. The changing from government-based to community-based has its urgency to be applied to help involve more participation of the society. Furthermore, optimizing this transformation of paradigm can be accelerated through education program such as hands-on training or formal education.