Spatial Analysis of Land Suitability for Livestock Farming in East Java Using GIS and DEM-Based Environmental Modeling

Livestock farming in Indonesia is highly influenced by environmental factors such as temperature, oxygen levels, and slope, which affect productivity and sustainability. This study employs Geographic Information System (GIS) and Digital Elevation Model (DEM) data to assess land suitability for dairy cattle, beef cattle, chicken, and quail farming in East Java. Temperature was estimated using Braak’s formula, while oxygen levels were modeled based on Peacock’s equation, and slope classification was performed using ArcGIS tools. Subsequently, each parameter was classified based on specific physiological thresholds for each livestock type: temperature for cattle, oxygen levels for poultry, and slope for general farm construction. The land suitability classification was validated through expert consultation. The results indicate that optimal temperatures for dairy cattle (18–24℃) and beef cattle (20–26℃) are found in mid-altitude regions, whereas highland areas with lower temperatures are less suitable. Poultry farming was most viable in areas with oxygen levels between 18–20.8%, while slopes exceeding 40% posed significant operational challenges for large-scale livestock farming. This study underscores the importance of integrating spatial analysis in precision livestock planning to optimize land use and sustainable management. The findings provide a scientific basis for zoning regulations, infrastructure investment, and sustainable livestock management strategies.