Liposomes from red betel (Piper crocatum) extract: A new approach in the delivery of anti-inflammatory drugs

Background: Piper crocatum extract contains bioactive compounds, such as flavonoids and phenolics, that exhibit anti-inflammatory activity by inhibiting cyclooxygenase-2, suppressing nuclear factor kappa B, and modulating pro-inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-6. Liposomal encapsulation enhances these compounds’ stability, bioavailability, and targeted delivery, making it a promising strategy for anti-inflammatory drug development. Aim: This review evaluates the potential of P. crocatum liposomes as drug carriers for inflammatory disorders and identifies key research gaps. Methods: A systematic literature review was conducted using the Scopus database, following the PRISMA 2020 protocol and assisted by Parsif.ai for screening and data extraction. Results: Piper crocatum liposomes improved the physicochemical stability and therapeutic activity of encapsulated compounds, exhibiting enhanced antibacterial and anti-inflammatory effects. Their ability to modulate inflammation at the molecular level and deliver agents to specific sites demonstrates strong potential for therapeutic and preservative applications. Conclusion: Piper crocatum liposomal formulations offer a stable and effective delivery system for inflammation-related therapies, supporting further investigation into their clinical and pharmaceutical applications.