Integrated Industrial and Domestic Wastewater Pollution Control Modeling for Sustainable River Water Quality Management in Gresik, Indonesia

Industrial expansion in Gresik Regency, East Java, has generated increasing environmental pressure due to the discharge of untreated industrial and domestic wastewater into local rivers, leading to progressive degradation of aquatic quality and ecosystem resilience. This study aims to evaluate and model the effectiveness of pollution control in Manyar District, an industrial hub where wastewater from manufacturing and residential activities converges into three main rivers: Kali Mireng, Kali Manyar, and Kali Sukomulyo. A mixed-methods approach was applied, integrating field measurements of physicochemical and biological parameters with behavioral and institutional analyses using Structural Equation Modeling– Partial Least Squares (SEM-PLS). Water quality assessment indicated that the rivers were slightly to moderately polluted, with seasonal fluctuations in BOD (0.27– 30mg/ L), COD (11– 90mg/ L), and DO (0.2– 9.2mg/ L) values reflecting the combined influence of industrial effluents and domestic runoff. The SEM-PLS analysis identified perception and commitment (X2) and technical compliance (Y1) as the most dominant factors influencing the effectiveness of wastewater pollution control, with model validation showing R² > 0.6, indicating strong explanatory power and good model fit. These findings demonstrate that beyond financial or infrastructural investments, social integration, human resource capacity, and adaptive policy frameworks are critical to achieving sustainable river water management. The validated model provides a robust, evidence-based framework for guiding regional authorities and industries in designing collaborative, adaptive, and data-driven strategies to improve environmental compliance and river ecosystem health in Gresik’s industrial zones.