High distribution of antibiotic residues in dairy milk and used testing methods in Indonesia–review

Antibiotic therapy is frequently used to treat bacterial infections in dairy cattle, including mastitis, respiratory disorders, diarrhea, reproductive diseases, joint diseases, and other conditions. Penicillin, tetracycline, aminoglycoside, or macrolide antibiotic residues are not permitted in dairy products, according to the quality requirements in the standards for fresh milk and packaged dairy products. This study aims to map the most common antibiotic residues and the testing methods used for antibiotics in milk, in order to propose revisions to national standards regarding the maximum threshold for antibiotic residues. This study method uses a search engine to identify relevant literature, focusing on the keywords “dairy milk,” “antibiotic residue,” and “location in Indonesia.” Based on the literature, 32 different types of antibiotic residues were detected in the sample tests. The most common antibiotic residues found in field milk are Tetracycline, Penicillin, Erythromycin, Streptomycin, Chloramphenicol, Trimethoprim, and Aztreonam. The Kirby-Bauer Test, Mueller-Hinton Agar, California Mastitis Test, Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus, Mannitol Salt Agar, Oxacillin Resistance Screen Agar Base, and Polymerase Chain Reaction are the most commonly utilized methods for residue testing. These findings indicate the need to revise and expand national MRL coverage, strengthen tiered residue-testing strategies, and promote responsible antibiotic use to reduce the occurrence of residues and improve milk safety.