Exploring the Potential of Cationic Modified Microfibrillated/Nanocellulose as Slow/Controlled Release Fertilizers: A Review

Conventional controlled-release fertilizers often rely on synthetic polymer coatings that are costly, non-biodegradable, and environmentally harmful. Biodegradable alternatives such as microfibrillated cellulose and nanocellulose have attracted significant attention for use as sustainable fertilizer coatings. Their high surface area and mechanical strength enable improved nutrient retention, moisture resistance, and reduced leaching. Cationic modification further enhances coating adhesion and nutrient binding, offering superior control of nutrient release compared with unmodified cellulose. This review evaluates recent progress in the development of cationic cellulose-based coatings, including cost considerations, biodegradation behavior under soil conditions, physicochemical interactions that regulate nutrient release, and potential industrial applications. Challenges and future directions are also discussed, highlighting the role of cationic cellulose in advancing environmentally friendly fertilizer technologies.