Evaluating Accessibility and Land Use Diversity of Suburban Park and Ride in Surabaya

Rapid urbanization and the increasing reliance on private vehicles have intensified congestion and mobility pressures in major Indonesian cities like Surabaya. Park and Ride are promoted as a sustainable strategy to encourage modal shifts toward public transport; however, their spatial performance, particularly in suburban contexts, remains underexplored. This study evaluates four suburban Park and Ride facilities in Surabaya. Mayjend Sungkono, Arif Rahman Hakim, Adityawarman, and Joyoboyo Intermodal Terminal, using the Alpha Index to assess road network connectivity and the Entropy Index to count land-use variety within a 4 km radius. The results reveal that Adityawarman and Joyoboyo exhibit high accessibility (α = 0.81) but moderate land-use diversity (H = 0.46), while Mayjend Sungkono demonstrates the opposite condition with high diversity (H = 0.68) but low accessibility (α = 0.105); Arif Rahman Hakim falls within the medium range for both indicators (α = 0.47; H = 0.43). These findings indicate that greater network connectivity does not necessarily correspond to higher spatial heterogeneity, highlighting the need for an integrated approach between transport network design and land-use planning to enhance the operational efficiency, attractiveness, and sustainability of suburban Park and Ride systems within the broader urban mobility framework.