Enhancement of Paclitaxel Efficacy by Tectona grandis Leaves Extract: Synergistic Antiproliferative and Antimigratory Actions in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Cells

Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) lacks ER, PR, and HER2 expression, leading to poor prognosis. Tectona grandis contains bioactive compounds with anticancer properties. This study investigated antiproliferative and antimigratory effect of T. grandis leaves extract (TGLE) and paclitaxel. This study involved computational study to determine the binding affinity of Mucin-1 and TGLE and in vitro study to examine the antiproliferative and antimigratory effect of TGLE and paclitaxel as well as the Mucin 1 (MUC1) and Matrix Metalloproteinase-9 (MMP9) expression in MDA-MB-231 cells. This study identified quercetin in TGLE as the strongest compound to bind with MUC1. In vitro study confirmed the inhibitory effect of TGLE and paclitaxel on MUC1 expression and cell proliferation. Furthermore, TGLE and paclitaxel exhibited a significant reduction in MMP-9 expression and cell migration. These findings suggest that TGLE and paclitaxel has promising antiproliferative and antimigratory properties against TNBC through its inhibition on MUC1 and MMP-9.