Effect of Bidens pilosa L. Leaf Extract on Formalin-Induced Rat Kidney: In vivo and In Silico Study

Background: Formalin, as formaldehyde dissolved in water, is a carcinogen that causes oxidant and antioxidant imbalance. The metabolic products of formaldehyde, such as formic acid, stimulate oxidative stress, leading to kidney damage. Bidens pilosa L. (B. pilosa L.) leaves contain flavonoids with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. The present study aimed to determine the nephroprotective effect of B. pilosa L. leaf extract on the histological structure and weight of the kidney organs of white rats (Rattus norvegicus) induced by formalin. Methods: Rats were grouped into five treatment groups, including normal control, negative control, and three dose groups (25 mg/kg BW, 50 mg/kg BW, and 100 mg/kg BW). Rats were induced with formalin 0.2 ml/kg BW for 7 days orally, followed by dose treatment for 7 days. Kidney histology and weight were examined on day 14. Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities were predicted by molecular docking. Results: The kidney weight in the treatment was not significantly different, but histologically, the B. pilosa L. leaf extract could significantly reduce necrosis cells at a dose of 100 mg/kg to approach the score of the normal group. Secondary metabolites, such as isochlorogenic acid and luteolin, had antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, which contribute to therapy. Conclusion: B. pilosa L. leaf extract can potentially protect nephrons with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities.