Comparative Antigenotoxic Effects of Sauropus androgynus Leaf, Fruit, and Stem Extracts in the Methomyl-Exposed Nile Tilapia

Methomyl exposure induces genotoxic effects in aquatic organisms through oxidative damage to DNA. This study evaluated the antigenotoxic effects of leaf, fruit, and stem extracts of Sauropus androgynus in Oreochromis niloticus exposed to methomyl (4.015 ppm) for 96 h. Genotoxicity was assessed using micronucleus frequency and nuclear abnormalities in erythrocytes. Methomyl exposure increased both indicators compared to the control. Treatment with S. androgynus extracts reduced genotoxic damage, with efficacy varying among plant parts. Leaf extract produced values closest to the control, while fruit and stem extracts showed moderate and lower effects, respectively. The variation in response likely reflects differences in phytochemical composition among plant parts. These findings indicate that S. androgynus, particularly its leaves, can mitigate methomyl exposed genotoxicity in fish.