Carotid Intima-Media Thickness in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients with Various Risk Factors Combination

Atherosclerosis is an underlying mechanism behind the various vascular-related disease, such as stroke, heart attack, and many forms of ischemia. Due to its threatening nature, a screening method to predict vascular-related disease is important. This study intended to explore the differences of Carotid Intima-Media Thickness (CIMT) across patients with various combinations of risk factors, with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) as the baseline. We did a cross-sectional study with 33 participants grouped into eight groups based on the combination of risk factors. The study was conducted in Saiful Anwar Hospital, Malang, Indonesia. We examined the right and left CIMT using doppler ultrasonography modality with linear transducer and frequency of 10 MHz. The first group consisted of T2DM only participants. The second group subsisted of T2DM and hypertension patients, while the third group were patients with T2DM and smoking history. The fourth group had T2DM and obesity. The fifth group had T2DM, hypertension, and obesity. The sixth group consisted of patients with T2DM, smoking history, and obesity. The Seventh group had T2DM, hypertension, and smoking history, while the eighth group was patients with T2DM, hypertension, smoking history, and obesity. The results suggest no significant differences across all groups. Finally, we conclude that T2DM alone has the same effect on CIMT compared to multiple risk factors, independent to age.