Biological Regulation of Ecosystem Services under Water Quality Pressure at Trisula waterfall

Waterfall ecosystems provide critical provisioning services, including drinking water, irrigation, and ecotourism depends on the physicochemical conditions of the water and the ability of biological regulation. This study aimed to assess water quality at Trisula waterfall and its implications for the sustainability of ecosystem services. Sampling was conducted at three stations (upper river, waterfall point, and lower river) during the dry season. Physicochemical parameters analyzed included discharge, pH, dissolved oxygen, nutrients, turbidity, total dissolved solids, and organic matter. Benthic macroinvertebrates were also used as bioindicators of ecosystem regulation. Data were analyzed using ANOVA, Prati's Implicit Index, and biotic indices. The results showed that water discharge ranged from 0.33-1.22 L-¹. The concentrations of nitrate (6.83-7.63 mg L-¹) and orthophosphate (0.23-0.27 mg L-¹) were relatively high due to agricultural activities, but still below national quality standards. Biological indicators showed higher diversity and dominance of sensitive taxa at the waterfall location, reflecting better ecosystem regulation capabilities. The Prati Index value (1.56-1.70) indicated that the water quality was considered good, but not yet suitable for direct consumption. Integrated management through nutrient control, riparian restoration, and biological monitoring is necessary to maintain the sustainability of ecosystem services and the tourism value of Trisula Waterfall.