Anti-inflammatory effects of holothuria scabra extract on pangasianodon hypophthalmus tissues infected with aeromonas hydrophila

The coastal environment has an abundance of organisms that provide various primary and secondary metabolites via their biological activities. Some reviews have noted that Holothuria scabra possesses anti-inflammatory properties as a natural drug against serious diseases. The study aimed to observe the H. scabra extract's anti-inflammatory effect on preventing the Pangasianodon hypophthalmus tissue’s damage following the Aeromonas hydrophila infection. H. scabra extract at several dosages, 0 mg L^–1 (T0), 50 mg L^–1 (T1), 100 mg L^–1 (T2), and 150 mg L^–1 (T3), was introduced to P. hypophthalmus tank before the challenge test with A. hydrophila. Furthermore, histopathology changes were measured, engaging the gill and spleen. The results revealed that the bathing method applied to P. hypophthalmus tissue using H. scabra extract concentration at 100 mg L^–1 was the optimum dosage for protecting the spleen and gill against A. hydrophila, compared with the other treatments.