A Spearman-Based Assessment of Oceanographic Parameters Influences on Biofouling Mitigation through Averrhoa bilimbi Leaf Extract

Wazirous Sakinah; Nugroho Jarot Dwi Ardiansah; Saifurridzal; Pratama Yuli Arianto; Muammar Kadhafi; Sumarji; R. Puranggo Ganjar Widityo

doi:10.5109/7405131

A Spearman-Based Assessment of Oceanographic Parameters Influences on Biofouling Mitigation through Averrhoa bilimbi Leaf Extract

Wazirous Sakinah^*
, Nugroho Jarot Dwi Ardiansah
, Saifurridzal
, Pratama Yuli Arianto
, Muammar Kadhafi
, Sumarji
, R. Puranggo Ganjar Widityo

^*Corresponding author for this work

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

Abstract

This study evaluates the antifouling potential of Averrhoa bilimbi leaf extract (ABLE) and its correlation with oceanographic parameters under field conditions. Steel specimens treated with ABLE-oil paint mixtures (ratios 1:1, 3:7, 7:3) were compared to control and commercial paint groups. The 1:1 treatment showed the lowest biofouling growth rate (0.049 g/day). Spearman correlation revealed temperature and current significantly influenced biofouling in control specimens, while treated specimens showed weaker associations. These findings suggest antifouling performance is more dependent on chemical composition than environmental factors, supporting ABLE’s potential as a sustainable antifouling agent.

Original language	English
Pages (from-to)	96-104
Number of pages	9
Journal	Evergreen
Volume	13
Issue number	1
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.5109/7405131
Publication status	Published - Mar 2026
Externally published	Yes

Keywords

anti-fouling
Averrhoa bilimbi leaf extract
biofouling growth rate
oceanographic parameters

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10.5109/7405131

Cite this

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abstract = "This study evaluates the antifouling potential of Averrhoa bilimbi leaf extract (ABLE) and its correlation with oceanographic parameters under field conditions. Steel specimens treated with ABLE-oil paint mixtures (ratios 1:1, 3:7, 7:3) were compared to control and commercial paint groups. The 1:1 treatment showed the lowest biofouling growth rate (0.049 g/day). Spearman correlation revealed temperature and current significantly influenced biofouling in control specimens, while treated specimens showed weaker associations. These findings suggest antifouling performance is more dependent on chemical composition than environmental factors, supporting ABLE{\textquoteright}s potential as a sustainable antifouling agent.",

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author = "Wazirous Sakinah and Ardiansah, \{Nugroho Jarot Dwi\} and Saifurridzal and Arianto, \{Pratama Yuli\} and Muammar Kadhafi and Sumarji and Widityo, \{R. Puranggo Ganjar\}",

year = "2026",

month = mar,

doi = "10.5109/7405131",

language = "English",

volume = "13",

pages = "96--104",

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T1 - A Spearman-Based Assessment of Oceanographic Parameters Influences on Biofouling Mitigation through Averrhoa bilimbi Leaf Extract

AU - Sakinah, Wazirous

AU - Ardiansah, Nugroho Jarot Dwi

AU - Saifurridzal,

AU - Arianto, Pratama Yuli

AU - Kadhafi, Muammar

AU - Sumarji,

AU - Widityo, R. Puranggo Ganjar

PY - 2026/3

Y1 - 2026/3

N2 - This study evaluates the antifouling potential of Averrhoa bilimbi leaf extract (ABLE) and its correlation with oceanographic parameters under field conditions. Steel specimens treated with ABLE-oil paint mixtures (ratios 1:1, 3:7, 7:3) were compared to control and commercial paint groups. The 1:1 treatment showed the lowest biofouling growth rate (0.049 g/day). Spearman correlation revealed temperature and current significantly influenced biofouling in control specimens, while treated specimens showed weaker associations. These findings suggest antifouling performance is more dependent on chemical composition than environmental factors, supporting ABLE’s potential as a sustainable antifouling agent.

AB - This study evaluates the antifouling potential of Averrhoa bilimbi leaf extract (ABLE) and its correlation with oceanographic parameters under field conditions. Steel specimens treated with ABLE-oil paint mixtures (ratios 1:1, 3:7, 7:3) were compared to control and commercial paint groups. The 1:1 treatment showed the lowest biofouling growth rate (0.049 g/day). Spearman correlation revealed temperature and current significantly influenced biofouling in control specimens, while treated specimens showed weaker associations. These findings suggest antifouling performance is more dependent on chemical composition than environmental factors, supporting ABLE’s potential as a sustainable antifouling agent.

KW - anti-fouling

KW - Averrhoa bilimbi leaf extract

KW - biofouling growth rate

KW - oceanographic parameters

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IS - 1

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A Spearman-Based Assessment of Oceanographic Parameters Influences on Biofouling Mitigation through Averrhoa bilimbi Leaf Extract

Abstract

Keywords

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