A Review on the Direction of Future Studies on Biocultural Landscapes in Forest and Agroforestry Systems in Indonesia

Indonesia is one of the mega-diverse countries with a very high diversity of species, ecosystems, and cultures. Among the diverse ecosystems on land, forests, agroforestry, and agricultural ecosystems provide many services to people’s welfare. However, rapid changes in land use and the occurrence of disasters are among the major threats to those ecosystems. One of the disasters is landslide and it may create a critical bare land. This chapter presents a review of previous studies in Indonesia, including projections of future management and studies with a focus on good practices for biocultural landscape conservation and utilization of ecosystem services for human well-being. Moreover, it is divided into three parts such as covering the role of landscape agroforestry, the use of local biological resources, and conservation of critical lands. The chapter concluded that besides the potential and lots of services provided by forests and agroforestry systems, these ecosystems are prone to land-use change and natural hazards, which could negatively impact their performance. Therefore, efforts to overcome these negative impacts could be carried out with potential solutions, such as ecosystem reclamation, land revegetation, forest and agroforestry protection, and empowerment of community forests. This requires a more integrated approach in the interdisciplinary field of study, including the development of hydro-seeding methods for revegetation, evaluation of government policy implementation, and community participation.